Abstract: Biomass carbon materials have attracted widespread attention from researchers at home and abroad due to their abundant raw materials, diverse structures, and excellent properties. At present, pyrolysis carbonization, activation, and surface modification, are the common process methods for the preparation and modification of biomass carbon materials. At the same time, more new technologies have been introduced into the preparation of biomass carbon materials in recent years, and a series of exciting research results have been achieved. Starting from the current status of biomass waste treatment and the background of China's "two-carbon" goal, this paper expounded the meaning and advantages of biomass carbon materials, and compared and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of traditional preparation methods and new ones developed in recent years. The research results of biomass carbon materials in some high-tech fields were reviewed, and the development prospects of biomass carbon materials were prospected, to provide reference for the further development of biomass carbon materials under the background of "dual carbon" goals.