Abstract: The Five-Year Plan is an important governing measure of the Communist Party of China for national development. It is the grand blueprint and program of action for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is also the key to China′s economic miracle and development achievements. Taking China′s Five-Year Plan as the theme and the Forestry Five-Year Plan as a case, using the methods of literature analysis, historical analysis, and comparative analysis, combining theory and practice, history and reality, qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper studied the compilation, implementation and evaluation of the Five-Year Plan, and explained its theoretical basis, policy cycle, democratic establishment process, and its development process and evaluation framework. Furthermore, it was verified and put forward from theory and practice that the theoretical basis of the Five-Year Plan is the innovation of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and a major national policy decision. With the characteristics of scientific, democratic, institutionalized, and procedural, it has a scientific and rigorous preparation process; its implementation process directly affected the historical trend of New China, through setting construction goals and forward directions at different stages. At the same time, as a means of macro-control and a tool of public policy, the Five-Year Plan is a process of gradual change and adjustment, constantly facing challenges, making adjustments, innovations, development. As a result, its ideas, goals, tasks, guarantees have further been becoming rich, scientific, clear and powerful. In addition, the evaluation of effects and efficiency can promote the formation of a smooth policy cycle; its theoretical innovation enables China to find the correct method and way to deal with the government and the market, taking effect by complementing, matching, and promoting each other. Its evolution history is not only a history of constant exploration, but also a history of continuous innovation. China′s Five-Year Plan and forestry Five-Year Plan have been providing strong support for China′s economic growth and green development, thereby bringing positive externalities and positive energy to the global ecological environment, playing a key role in China′s modernization process, and will make a major contribution to building a community with a shared future for mankind.