Abstract: The 5th Plenary of the 16th Congress of the CPC Central Committee raise the strategic target of building a new socialist countryside; it is of great historic importance for the solution of the problems relating to agriculture, rural areas, and the farmers. These three agriculture-related issues are actually rooted in the farmers' problem. The key is to break down the dual structure with urban-rural segmentation. Building a new countryside is both an inspiring and a long-term arduous task which requires the governments at various levels take on main responsibilities.