Abstract: This article studies peasants' participation in the New Cooperative Medical Scheme based on the data form the sample survey, and doesn't think there is "inverse elimination" in this process. For the group of people who are younger and healthier with higher family income, there are more possibilities for them to participate in the NCMS. For those impoverished people with lower income, they face the danger of being kept out of the NCMS because of high medical fee. Hoe to better protect impoverished group in countryside with NCMS is the focus of the future policy, the article puts forward suggestions to share with the intellectual circle and relevant governmental sections.