Abstract: Achieving common prosperity for all is the fundamental task and defining feature of Chinese modernization, providing direction for its other dimensions. From a comprehensive sociological perspective, factors such as divisions among social strata and groups, the urban-rural development gap, regional development imbalances, uneven development among ethnic groups, and global inequalities in human development represent both the main challenges in the current pursuit of common prosperity and key areas and driving forces for accelerating Chinese modernization. Upholding the Party's overall leadership, leveraging the notable strengths of China's socialist system and governance system, and integrating the socialist system with the market economy to continuously unleash and develop productive forces are fundamental to addressing these challenges. Chinese sociology, with a strong sense of disciplinary self-awareness, must delve into the core issues and theories related to the practice of common prosperity from the three dimensions of theoretical, practical, and innovative self-awareness, thereby providing solid academic support and policy references for Chinese modernization.