Abstract:
This article, grounded in the fieldwork conducted in rural Northern Zhejiang, explores the differences in governance logic between the traditional Chinese rural governance system of ritual governance and the modern "integration of triad governance" system. Ritual governance is characterized by the interlocking and integration of internal elements in a governing-through-integration approach, whereas the "integration of triad governance" represents a governing-through-division where elements complement each other but also exhibit tensions. By contrasting the examples of charitable granaries and schools with public welfare funds, the ancestral hall and folk belief management systems, and family precepts with moral selection processes, the article reveals that ritual governance is embedded within the endogenous order of the village, representing an integration of ethics, politics, and faith, and possesses a unity of the family and the state. In contrast, the "integration of triad governance" is relatively exogenous to the village order, reflecting institutional differentiation and pluralistic governance, and emphasizing the differences between the public and private spheres. This difference in governance logic that prevents the "integration of triad governance" from merely adopting certain forms of ritual governance to achieve integration. Under new social and institutional conditions, the focus of the systematization of triad governance is on not "integration" but "combination", which requires following the differentiated logic through context-specific governance practices to achieve the integrated governance.