试论礼治与三治的乡村治理逻辑变迁——基于浙北乡村的田野考察

    On the Evolution of Rural Governance Logic from Ritual Governance to the Triad Governance——An Ethnographic Study of Rural Northern Zhejiang

    • 摘要: 基于浙北乡村的田野考察,探讨了传统中国乡村治理的礼治体系与现代的“三治融合”体系之间的治理逻辑差异。礼治是内部各要素相互嵌入并统合在一起的“合而治之”,而三治是各要素既有互补也有张力的“分而治之”。分别以义仓义学与公益基金、祠祀制度与民间信仰管理制度、家风家训与道德评选的三组对比为例,揭示了礼治嵌入于乡村内生秩序,是伦理政治信仰的一体化的特征,且具有身家国天下的一致性;而三治则更多由外生于乡村秩序的制度力量来建构,是制度分化、多元共治的体现,且强调公私领域之间的差异。这种治理逻辑上的不同,使得三治不能仅仅通过借用礼治的某些形式来实现融合。在新的社会条件和制度条件下,三治体系化的重点不在于“合”,而在于“融”,即需要以情境化的治理实践方式来实现基于分化性逻辑的融合治理。

       

      Abstract: This article, grounded in the fieldwork conducted in rural Northern Zhejiang, explores the differences in governance logic between the traditional Chinese rural governance system of ritual governance and the modern "integration of triad governance" system. Ritual governance is characterized by the interlocking and integration of internal elements in a governing-through-integration approach, whereas the "integration of triad governance" represents a governing-through-division where elements complement each other but also exhibit tensions. By contrasting the examples of charitable granaries and schools with public welfare funds, the ancestral hall and folk belief management systems, and family precepts with moral selection processes, the article reveals that ritual governance is embedded within the endogenous order of the village, representing an integration of ethics, politics, and faith, and possesses a unity of the family and the state. In contrast, the "integration of triad governance" is relatively exogenous to the village order, reflecting institutional differentiation and pluralistic governance, and emphasizing the differences between the public and private spheres. This difference in governance logic that prevents the "integration of triad governance" from merely adopting certain forms of ritual governance to achieve integration. Under new social and institutional conditions, the focus of the systematization of triad governance is on not "integration" but "combination", which requires following the differentiated logic through context-specific governance practices to achieve the integrated governance.

       

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