Abstract: Narrowing the subjective welfare gap between urban and rural residents is an important way to achieve common prosperity. Taking poverty alleviation as the background, this paper investigates the relationship between social quality, government quality, and rural residents′ subjective welfare by using the multi-period data from Chinese Social Survey. The study found that with the deepening of poverty alleviation, the subjective welfare gap between urban and rural residents has gradually narrowed, and the social quality and government quality in rural areas are always higher than those in urban areas. Further analysis shows that the improvement of social quality is the reason for the improvement of rural residents′ subjective welfare. In addition, government quality can strengthen the positive impact of social quality on the subjective welfare of rural residents. Therefore, in addition to promoting rural economic development, we should also promote high-quality social development, and strive to improve the quality of grass-roots government, which is of great significance to promote the common prosperity of urban and rural residents.