Abstract: The penalty design of carbon emission trading management system is very important to achieve the goal of "carbon peaking and carbon neutralization" in China. Based on the realistic demands of the continuous reform of carbon market governance ability and governance system, the illegal acts of false reporting of carbon emission data and information must be effectively curbed, so as to complete the sharp change from "taking the place of punishment" to "explicit punishment and imperial law". The design of penalty rules for the accountability of carbon market data report should be consistent with the policy changes of carbon market. Based on the different stages of carbon emission data information report, strengthen the synergy and functionality of multiple punishment methods and rules, and transition from emphasizing "improper punishment" to focusing on "clear reward and punishment". Therefore, it should construct a combined punishment mode of accountability for carbon market data reporting, and formulate additional punishment measures for carbon emission data fraud of emission control enterprises in the way of mandatory supplementary payment of quotas, so as to strengthen the limitations of the existing punishment methods. By setting a reasonable gradient of punishment, build the best deterrence system, and then promote the rationalization of administrative law enforcement efficiency and the formation of responsibility efficiency system. By expanding and strengthening judicial power to resolve administrative failure, complete the transformation from legal qualitative judgment to punishment quantitative analysis, and finally realize the good law and good governance of the carbon market.