Abstract: Common prosperity is an important feature of Chinese-style modernization, and the modernization of common prosperity requires rural revitalization. Small farmers have a special place in rural revitalization. First, small farmers constitute the majority of Chinese farmers and are an indispensable force for rural revitalization. Without small farmers, there would be no villages. Second, the special socio-economic characteristics have caused the unique difficulties to small farmers in the process of modernization, and realizing the synchronous modernization of small farmers requires new development concepts. Third, the development of small farmers has been the main line of China′s modernization process for a long time, and will also become an important part of the two-step strategy in the future. On the road of China′s modernization, opportunities and crises for the development of small farmers coexist. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy has provided historical opportunities for the development of small farmers; as China enters a middle- and high-income country, the diversification of market demand provides high-quality development of small farmers. It provides economic possibilities; the deepening urban-rural resource flow provides a driving force for the development of small farmers. The development of agricultural diversity and the multifunctional role of the countryside has laid the foundation for the modernization of small farmers, promoted the modernization of small farmers, prevented them from going bankrupt or being left behind in the process of modernization, and ensured that the largest population in the countryside could achieve common prosperity at the same time.