Abstract: The essence of economic catch-up is talent catch-up and the upgrading of human capital structure. Driven by supply-side structural reform, to achieve high-quality economic development driven by innovation, attentions need to be paid to the cultivation and effective use of talents. In this article, through the international comparison, the economy by the evolution of low-income stage to high income one will be accompanied by gradient upgrading of human capital structure after economic success, and these are the changes of primary human capital "inverted U" to intermediate level of human capital "inverted U", and always accompanied by the high-level human capital accumulation and ascend. The key node for an economy to achieve growth leapfrog is also related to the changes in the human capital structure. The time when a country crosses the poverty trap is usually at the inflection point when the proportion of primary education begins to decline, while the time when it successfully crosses the middle income trap lags behind the inflection point when the proportion of secondary education declines. At present, China's primary education level is approaching saturation, and the labor force structure is dominated by middle-education workers. The middle-education level remains to be improved, while the proportion of senior education workers is relatively low and grows slow. At the same time, the unreasonable allocation of human capital, the distortion of factor remuneration, the low proportion of knowledge consumption and the stagnant growth have become obstacles to the deepening reform of human capital in China. In the future, China should strengthen the market-oriented talent training model, improve the efficiency of human capital accumulation and allocation, and thus accumulate power for innovation and high-quality development. Specifically, the paper concludes:standardizing and strengthening vocational skills training for secondary education workers; promoting the deep integration of production, learning, and research; accelerating the market-oriented reform of knowledge-intensive service industries related to human capital accumulation; increasing government resources for public welfare expenditure of education and medical care.