Abstract: Synchrotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation generated by electrons during high-speed curved motion along the tangent direction of their orbit. It features high intensity, wide and continuous distribution spectrum range, high polarization, pulse time structure, and good collimation. The interaction between synchrotron radiation X-rays and the measured substance undergoes processes such as scattering, absorption, and phase shift, leading to various characterization techniques that can be used to comprehensively analyze the lattice structure, electronic structure, and microstructure of materials. Lithium and sodium ion batteries have been widely employed as high-energy density energy storage devices, and enhanced energy density cannot be achieved without breakthroughs in battery material science. The characterization technology related to synchrotron radiation X-rays provides strong assistance for the research of battery materials. High-intensity synchrotron X-rays enable in-situ X-ray diffraction to monitor phase changes in electrode reactions in real-time. The continuously tunable wavelength of synchrotron radiation facilitate absorption spectroscopy to analyze valence changes in electrode materials. High collimation and coherence of synchrotron X-rays enable imaging at nanometer resolution. These features facilitate precise, multi-dimensional analysis of battery material reaction mechanisms, accelerating innovation in new materials and mechanisms for battery applications. This review outlines the principles and applications of synchrotron radiation X-ray characterization techniques in battery material research from three aspects: lattice structure characterization, electronic structure characterization, and microstructure characterization, including X-ray diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, atomic pair distribution function, X-ray absorption spectrum, resonance inelastic X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission X-ray microscopy, computed tomography, etc.