Abstract: Synchrotron radiation-based testing technology is a powerful tool for the research of new high energy density long life batteries, with a wide range of depth sensitivity, spatial resolution and time resolution. In-situ synchrotron radiation can be measured in real time during battery operation, elucidating the micro-scale, key materials and dynamic evolution behavior of battery interface. Drawing on the latest research of in-situ synchrotron radiation (scattering, spectroscopy and diffraction) in the field of new high-performance batteries, this review first examines the investigation of crystal structure and in-situ phase evolution behavior of key materials in lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries and sodium-ion battery. Second, the study on the dynamic evolution of the mean spatial structure of lithium-ion battery nanoelectrode materials and sodium-ion batteries by small-angle X-ray scattering is introduced, and then the study on the chemical and structural dynamic changes of synchrotron radiation hard X-ray and soft X-ray absorption spectra in the REDOX of key battery materials is discussed. Finally, the unique advantages of the synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy in interface study and electronic structures characterization of solid-state batteries are discussed. These insights deepen our understanding of the crystal structure change, phase evolution, electron transfer process and related REDOX mechanism in the battery reaction process based on in-situ synchrotron radiation technology.