Abstract: With the rapid development of road infrastructure, the maintenance of asphalt pavements faces increasing challenges. Traditional maintenance methods, due to their long mileage, diverse types of damages, widespread spatial distribution, difficulty in information collection, and low efficiency, urgently require the development of intelligent maintenance technologies. By systematically summarizing the development history of asphalt pavement maintenance decision-making technologies, from the early manual inspections and empirical judgments to the primary maintenance decision-making technologies aided by road condition detection equipment, to the intermediate stage of big data analysis-driven technologies, and to the advanced stage of artificial intelligence applications, this paper analyzed the working principles, research progress, advantages, and limitations of each stage. It also explored and forecasted the challenges and needs faced by asphalt pavement maintenance decision-making. The analysis shows that maintenance decision-making technologies have made significant progress in the accuracy and efficiency of pavement disease identification and maintenance methods. However, challenges still exist in areas such as the contradiction between detection needs for different levels of roads and limited maintenance funds, the effectiveness of intelligent identification of multiple types of diseases, data management issues, prediction accuracy, the complexity of fund allocation, and the limitations of current management models. In the future, through innovative upgrades in technology, especially the deep integration and application of the Internet of Things, sensor technology, and artificial intelligence, the precision and intelligence level of maintenance decision-making can be effectively improved. However, in the digital transformation and upgrading of asphalt pavement maintenance, building a system of models and data for the entire life cycle of intelligent maintenance decision-making, a large amount of research still needs to be conducted.